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Python Become a Master

Chapter 2: Beginner Level Exercises

Beginner Level Exercises

Exercise 1: Calculate the Area of a Circle

Concepts:

  • Basic arithmetic
  • Input/output
  • Variables

Description: Write a Python program that takes the radius of a circle as input from the user and calculates its area.

Solution:

import math

radius = float(input("Enter the radius of the circle: "))
area = math.pi * (radius ** 2)

print(f"The area of the circle with radius {radius} is {area:.2f}")

Exercise 2: Word Frequency Counter

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Dictionaries
  • Loops

Description: Write a Python program that takes a string as input and counts the frequency of each word in the string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a sentence: ")
words = input_string.lower().split()
word_count = {}

for word in words:
    if word in word_count:
        word_count[word] += 1
    else:
        word_count[word] = 1

print("Word frequencies:", word_count)

Exercise 3: Simple Temperature Converter

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Conditional statements
  • User input

Description: Write a Python program that converts temperatures between Celsius and Fahrenheit. The program should ask the user for the temperature unit and the value to be converted.

Solution:

def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius):
    return (celsius * 9/5) + 32

def fahrenheit_to_celsius(fahrenheit):
    return (fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9

unit = input("Enter the temperature unit (C for Celsius, F for Fahrenheit): ")
value = float(input("Enter the temperature value to be converted: "))

if unit.upper() == "C":
    print(f"{value} Celsius is {celsius_to_fahrenheit(value):.2f} Fahrenheit.")
elif unit.upper() == "F":
    print(f"{value} Fahrenheit is {fahrenheit_to_celsius(value):.2f} Celsius.")
else:
    print("Invalid temperature unit.")

Exercise 4: Odd or Even Number Checker

Concepts:

  • Modular arithmetic
  • Conditional statements

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given number is odd or even.

Solution:

number = int(input("Enter an integer: "))

if number % 2 == 0:
    print(f"{number} is even.")
else:
    print(f"{number} is odd.")

Exercise 5: Simple File Operations

Concepts:

  • File I/O
  • Exception handling
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that reads a text file, converts its content to uppercase, and writes the result to a new file. If the input file does not exist, display an error message.

Solution:

input_file = input("Enter the name of the input file: ")
output_file = input("Enter the name of the output file: ")

try:
    with open(input_file, "r") as infile:
        content = infile.read()
    uppercase_content = content.upper()

    with open(output_file, "w") as outfile:
        outfile.write(uppercase_content)

    print("The content has been converted to uppercase and saved in the output file.")
except FileNotFoundError:
    print(f"The file '{input_file}' does not exist.")

Exercise 6: List of Multiples

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Lists
  • Arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that takes a number as input and returns a list of its first 10 multiples.

Solution:

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
multiples = [number * i for i in range(1, 11)]

print(f"The first 10 multiples of {number} are: {multiples}")

Exercise 7: Palindrome Checker

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Conditional statements
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given word or phrase is a palindrome. Ignore spaces, punctuation, and capitalization.

Solution:

import re

input_string = input("Enter a word or phrase: ")
processed_string = re.sub(r'\W+', '', input_string.lower())
reversed_string = processed_string[::-1]

if processed_string == reversed_string:
    print(f"'{input_string}' is a palindrome.")
else:
    print(f"'{input_string}' is not a palindrome.")

Exercise 8: Simple Interest Calculator

Concepts:

  • Arithmetic
  • Input/output
  • Variables

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the simple interest for a given principal amount, rate of interest, and number of years.

Solution:

principal = float(input("Enter the principal amount: "))
rate = float(input("Enter the rate of interest (percentage): "))
years = int(input("Enter the number of years: "))

interest = principal * rate * years / 100
total_amount = principal + interest

print(f"The simple interest is: {interest:.2f}")
print(f"The total amount after {years} years is: {total_amount:.2f}")

Exercise 9: Fibonacci Sequence Generator

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Lists
  • Functions

Description: Write a Python program that generates the first n numbers of the Fibonacci sequence, where n is provided by the user.

Solution:

def generate_fibonacci(n):
    sequence = [0, 1]

    for i in range(2, n):
        sequence.append(sequence[-1] + sequence[-2])

    return sequence[:n]

n = int(input("Enter the number of Fibonacci numbers to generate: "))
fibonacci_sequence = generate_fibonacci(n)

print(f"The first {n} Fibonacci numbers are: {fibonacci_sequence}")

Exercise 10: Leap Year Checker

Concepts:

  • Conditional statements
  • Modular arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given year is a leap year.

Solution:

year = int(input("Enter a year: "))

if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):
    print(f"{year} is a leap year.")
else:
    print(f"{year} is not a leap year.")

Exercise 11: Prime Number Checker

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Conditional statements
  • Functions

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given number is a prime number.

Solution:

def is_prime(number):
    if number <= 1:
        return False

    for i in range(2, number):
        if number % i == 0:
            return False
    return True

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if is_prime(number):
    print(f"{number} is a prime number.")
else:
    print(f"{number} is not a prime number.")

Exercise 12: Count Vowels in a String

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Dictionaries

Description: Write a Python program that counts the number of vowels in a given string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a string: ").lower()
vowels = "aeiou"
vowel_count = {}

for char in input_string:
    if char in vowels:
        if char in vowel_count:
            vowel_count[char] += 1
        else:
            vowel_count[char] = 1

print("Vowel count:", vowel_count)

Exercise 13: Calculate the Factorial of a Number

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Conditional statements
  • Functions

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the factorial of a given number using loops.

Solution:

def factorial(number):
    if number == 0 or number == 1:
        return 1

    result = 1
    for i in range(2, number + 1):
        result *= i

    return result

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print(f"The factorial of {number} is {factorial(number)}")

Exercise 14: Sum of Digits in a Number

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Arithmetic
  • Strings

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the sum of the digits of a given integer.

Solution:

number = int(input("Enter an integer: "))
sum_of_digits = sum(int(digit) for digit in str(number))

print(f"The sum of the digits of {number} is {sum_of_digits}")

Exercise 15: Caesar Cipher Encoder

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Modular arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that implements a simple Caesar cipher. The program should take a string and an integer shift value as input, and return the encoded string.

Solution:

def caesar_cipher(text, shift):
    encrypted = []

    for char in text:
        if char.isalpha():
            shift_amount = shift % 26
            new_ord = ord(char) + shift_amount

            if char.islower():
                if new_ord > ord("z"):
                    new_ord -= 26
            else:
                if new_ord > ord("Z"):
                    new_ord -= 26

            encrypted.append(chr(new_ord))
        else:
            encrypted.append(char)

    return "".join(encrypted)

text = input("Enter a string: ")
shift = int(input("Enter the shift value: "))

encoded_text = caesar_cipher(text, shift)
print(f"The encoded text is: {encoded_text}")

Exercise 16: Reverse a String

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Slicing

Description: Write a Python program that reverses a given string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a string: ")
reversed_string = input_string[::-1]

print(f"The reversed string is: {reversed_string}")

Exercise 17: Count Occurrences of a Character

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Dictionaries

Description: Write a Python program that counts the occurrences of a specific character in a given string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a string: ")
target_char = input("Enter a character to count: ")

count = input_string.lower().count(target_char.lower())
print(f"The character '{target_char}' occurs {count} times in the string.")

Exercise 18: Print the ASCII Value of a Character

Concepts:

  • Input/output
  • ord() function

Description: Write a Python program that takes a single character as input and prints its ASCII value.

Solution:

char = input("Enter a single character: ")

if len(char) == 1:
    print(f"The ASCII value of '{char}' is {ord(char)}")
else:
    print("Invalid input. Please enter a single character.")

Exercise 19: Simple Calculator

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Input/output
  • Conditional statements

Description: Write a Python program that creates a simple calculator that can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The program should ask the user for the operation, the two numbers, and then display the result.

Solution:

def add(x, y):
    return x + y

def subtract(x, y):
    return x - y

def multiply(x, y):
    return x * y

def divide(x, y):
    return x / y

operation = input("Enter the operation (add, subtract, multiply, divide): ")
num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))

if operation.lower() == "add":
    print(f"The result is: {add(num1, num2)}")
elif operation.lower() == "subtract":
    print(f"The result is: {subtract(num1, num2)}")
elif operation.lower() == "multiply":
    print(f"The result is: {multiply(num1, num2)}")
elif operation.lower() == "divide":
    if num2 == 0:
        print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")
    else:
        print(f"The result is: {divide(num1, num2)}")
else:
    print("Invalid operation.")

Exercise 20: Longest Word in a Sentence

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that takes a sentence as input and returns the longest word in the sentence.

Solution:

input_sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")
words = input_sentence.split()

longest_word = ""
max_length = 0

for word in words:
    if len(word) > max_length:
        max_length = len(word)
        longest_word = word

print(f"The longest word in the sentence is: {longest_word}")

Exercise 21: Calculate the Average of Numbers in a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • Arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the average of a list of numbers.

Solution:

numbers = [float(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]
average = sum(numbers) / len(numbers)

print(f"The average of the numbers is: {average:.2f}")

Exercise 22: Common Elements in Two Lists

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • Sets

Description: Write a Python program that takes two lists and returns a list of common elements.

Solution:

list1 = input("Enter the first list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()
list2 = input("Enter the second list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()

common_elements = list(set(list1) & set(list2))
print(f"The common elements in the two lists are: {common_elements}")

Exercise 23: Find the Smallest and Largest Numbers in a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • min() and max() functions

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list of numbers as input and returns the smallest and largest numbers in the list.

Solution:

numbers = [float(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]

smallest_number = min(numbers)
largest_number = max(numbers)

print(f"The smallest number is: {smallest_number}")
print(f"The largest number is: {largest_number}")

Exercise 24: Remove Duplicates from a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Sets
  • List comprehensions

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list and returns a new list without duplicates.

Solution:

input_list = input("Enter a list of elements separated by spaces: ").split()
unique_list = list(dict.fromkeys(input_list))

print(f"The list without duplicates is: {unique_list}")

Exercise 25: Sorting a List in Ascending and Descending Order

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Sorting

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list of numbers as input and returns the same list sorted in ascending and descending order.

Solution:

numbers = [float(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]

ascending_sorted_list = sorted(numbers)
descending_sorted_list = sorted(numbers, reverse=True)

print(f"The list sorted in ascending order is: {ascending_sorted_list}")
print(f"The list sorted in descending order is: {descending_sorted_list}")

Exercise 26: Square and Cube of Numbers in a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • List comprehensions

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list of numbers and returns a new list containing the square and cube of each number.

Solution:

numbers = [int(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]
squares_and_cubes = [(x**2, x**3) for x in numbers]

print(f"The squares and cubes of the numbers are: {squares_and_cubes}")

Exercise 27: Count the Number of Words in a Sentence

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that takes a sentence as input and counts the number of words in the sentence.

Solution:

input_sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")
words = input_sentence.split()
word_count = len(words)

print(f"The number of words in the sentence is: {word_count}")

Exercise 28: Swapping Two Variables

Concepts:

  • Variables
  • Tuples

Description: Write a Python program that takes two variables as input and swaps their values.

Solution:

x = input("Enter the value of x: ")
y = input("Enter the value of y: ")

print(f"Before swapping: x = {x}, y = {y}")

x, y = y, x

print(f"After swapping: x = {x}, y = {y}")

Exercise 29: Distance Between Two Points

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Input/output
  • Math module

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the distance between two points in a 2D space. The coordinates of the points should be provided by the user.

Solution:

import math

def distance(x1, y1, x2, y2):
    return math.sqrt((x2 - x1)**2 + (y2 - y1)**2)

x1, y1 = map(float, input("Enter the coordinates of the first point (x1, y1): ").split())
x2, y2 = map(float, input("Enter the coordinates of the second point (x2, y2): ").split())

result = distance(x1, y1, x2, y2)
print(f"The distance between the two points is: {result:.2f}")

Exercise 30: Convert Temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit and Vice Versa

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Input/output
  • Conditional statements

Description: Write a Python program that converts temperatures between Celsius and Fahrenheit. The user should provide the temperature value and the unit.

Solution:

def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius):
    return (celsius * 9/5) + 32

def fahrenheit_to_celsius(fahrenheit):
    return (fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9

temperature = float(input("Enter the temperature value: "))
unit = input("Enter the unit (C for Celsius, F for Fahrenheit): ")

if unit.upper() == "C":
    result = celsius_to_fahrenheit(temperature)
    print(f"{temperature} Celsius is equal to {result:.2f} Fahrenheit")
elif unit.upper() == "F":
    result = fahrenheit_to_celsius(temperature)
    print(f"{temperature} Fahrenheit is equal to {result:.2f} Celsius")
else:
    print("Invalid unit. Please enter 'C' for Celsius or 'F' for Fahrenheit.")

Beginner Level Exercises

Exercise 1: Calculate the Area of a Circle

Concepts:

  • Basic arithmetic
  • Input/output
  • Variables

Description: Write a Python program that takes the radius of a circle as input from the user and calculates its area.

Solution:

import math

radius = float(input("Enter the radius of the circle: "))
area = math.pi * (radius ** 2)

print(f"The area of the circle with radius {radius} is {area:.2f}")

Exercise 2: Word Frequency Counter

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Dictionaries
  • Loops

Description: Write a Python program that takes a string as input and counts the frequency of each word in the string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a sentence: ")
words = input_string.lower().split()
word_count = {}

for word in words:
    if word in word_count:
        word_count[word] += 1
    else:
        word_count[word] = 1

print("Word frequencies:", word_count)

Exercise 3: Simple Temperature Converter

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Conditional statements
  • User input

Description: Write a Python program that converts temperatures between Celsius and Fahrenheit. The program should ask the user for the temperature unit and the value to be converted.

Solution:

def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius):
    return (celsius * 9/5) + 32

def fahrenheit_to_celsius(fahrenheit):
    return (fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9

unit = input("Enter the temperature unit (C for Celsius, F for Fahrenheit): ")
value = float(input("Enter the temperature value to be converted: "))

if unit.upper() == "C":
    print(f"{value} Celsius is {celsius_to_fahrenheit(value):.2f} Fahrenheit.")
elif unit.upper() == "F":
    print(f"{value} Fahrenheit is {fahrenheit_to_celsius(value):.2f} Celsius.")
else:
    print("Invalid temperature unit.")

Exercise 4: Odd or Even Number Checker

Concepts:

  • Modular arithmetic
  • Conditional statements

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given number is odd or even.

Solution:

number = int(input("Enter an integer: "))

if number % 2 == 0:
    print(f"{number} is even.")
else:
    print(f"{number} is odd.")

Exercise 5: Simple File Operations

Concepts:

  • File I/O
  • Exception handling
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that reads a text file, converts its content to uppercase, and writes the result to a new file. If the input file does not exist, display an error message.

Solution:

input_file = input("Enter the name of the input file: ")
output_file = input("Enter the name of the output file: ")

try:
    with open(input_file, "r") as infile:
        content = infile.read()
    uppercase_content = content.upper()

    with open(output_file, "w") as outfile:
        outfile.write(uppercase_content)

    print("The content has been converted to uppercase and saved in the output file.")
except FileNotFoundError:
    print(f"The file '{input_file}' does not exist.")

Exercise 6: List of Multiples

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Lists
  • Arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that takes a number as input and returns a list of its first 10 multiples.

Solution:

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
multiples = [number * i for i in range(1, 11)]

print(f"The first 10 multiples of {number} are: {multiples}")

Exercise 7: Palindrome Checker

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Conditional statements
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given word or phrase is a palindrome. Ignore spaces, punctuation, and capitalization.

Solution:

import re

input_string = input("Enter a word or phrase: ")
processed_string = re.sub(r'\W+', '', input_string.lower())
reversed_string = processed_string[::-1]

if processed_string == reversed_string:
    print(f"'{input_string}' is a palindrome.")
else:
    print(f"'{input_string}' is not a palindrome.")

Exercise 8: Simple Interest Calculator

Concepts:

  • Arithmetic
  • Input/output
  • Variables

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the simple interest for a given principal amount, rate of interest, and number of years.

Solution:

principal = float(input("Enter the principal amount: "))
rate = float(input("Enter the rate of interest (percentage): "))
years = int(input("Enter the number of years: "))

interest = principal * rate * years / 100
total_amount = principal + interest

print(f"The simple interest is: {interest:.2f}")
print(f"The total amount after {years} years is: {total_amount:.2f}")

Exercise 9: Fibonacci Sequence Generator

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Lists
  • Functions

Description: Write a Python program that generates the first n numbers of the Fibonacci sequence, where n is provided by the user.

Solution:

def generate_fibonacci(n):
    sequence = [0, 1]

    for i in range(2, n):
        sequence.append(sequence[-1] + sequence[-2])

    return sequence[:n]

n = int(input("Enter the number of Fibonacci numbers to generate: "))
fibonacci_sequence = generate_fibonacci(n)

print(f"The first {n} Fibonacci numbers are: {fibonacci_sequence}")

Exercise 10: Leap Year Checker

Concepts:

  • Conditional statements
  • Modular arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given year is a leap year.

Solution:

year = int(input("Enter a year: "))

if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):
    print(f"{year} is a leap year.")
else:
    print(f"{year} is not a leap year.")

Exercise 11: Prime Number Checker

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Conditional statements
  • Functions

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given number is a prime number.

Solution:

def is_prime(number):
    if number <= 1:
        return False

    for i in range(2, number):
        if number % i == 0:
            return False
    return True

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if is_prime(number):
    print(f"{number} is a prime number.")
else:
    print(f"{number} is not a prime number.")

Exercise 12: Count Vowels in a String

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Dictionaries

Description: Write a Python program that counts the number of vowels in a given string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a string: ").lower()
vowels = "aeiou"
vowel_count = {}

for char in input_string:
    if char in vowels:
        if char in vowel_count:
            vowel_count[char] += 1
        else:
            vowel_count[char] = 1

print("Vowel count:", vowel_count)

Exercise 13: Calculate the Factorial of a Number

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Conditional statements
  • Functions

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the factorial of a given number using loops.

Solution:

def factorial(number):
    if number == 0 or number == 1:
        return 1

    result = 1
    for i in range(2, number + 1):
        result *= i

    return result

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print(f"The factorial of {number} is {factorial(number)}")

Exercise 14: Sum of Digits in a Number

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Arithmetic
  • Strings

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the sum of the digits of a given integer.

Solution:

number = int(input("Enter an integer: "))
sum_of_digits = sum(int(digit) for digit in str(number))

print(f"The sum of the digits of {number} is {sum_of_digits}")

Exercise 15: Caesar Cipher Encoder

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Modular arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that implements a simple Caesar cipher. The program should take a string and an integer shift value as input, and return the encoded string.

Solution:

def caesar_cipher(text, shift):
    encrypted = []

    for char in text:
        if char.isalpha():
            shift_amount = shift % 26
            new_ord = ord(char) + shift_amount

            if char.islower():
                if new_ord > ord("z"):
                    new_ord -= 26
            else:
                if new_ord > ord("Z"):
                    new_ord -= 26

            encrypted.append(chr(new_ord))
        else:
            encrypted.append(char)

    return "".join(encrypted)

text = input("Enter a string: ")
shift = int(input("Enter the shift value: "))

encoded_text = caesar_cipher(text, shift)
print(f"The encoded text is: {encoded_text}")

Exercise 16: Reverse a String

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Slicing

Description: Write a Python program that reverses a given string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a string: ")
reversed_string = input_string[::-1]

print(f"The reversed string is: {reversed_string}")

Exercise 17: Count Occurrences of a Character

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Dictionaries

Description: Write a Python program that counts the occurrences of a specific character in a given string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a string: ")
target_char = input("Enter a character to count: ")

count = input_string.lower().count(target_char.lower())
print(f"The character '{target_char}' occurs {count} times in the string.")

Exercise 18: Print the ASCII Value of a Character

Concepts:

  • Input/output
  • ord() function

Description: Write a Python program that takes a single character as input and prints its ASCII value.

Solution:

char = input("Enter a single character: ")

if len(char) == 1:
    print(f"The ASCII value of '{char}' is {ord(char)}")
else:
    print("Invalid input. Please enter a single character.")

Exercise 19: Simple Calculator

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Input/output
  • Conditional statements

Description: Write a Python program that creates a simple calculator that can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The program should ask the user for the operation, the two numbers, and then display the result.

Solution:

def add(x, y):
    return x + y

def subtract(x, y):
    return x - y

def multiply(x, y):
    return x * y

def divide(x, y):
    return x / y

operation = input("Enter the operation (add, subtract, multiply, divide): ")
num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))

if operation.lower() == "add":
    print(f"The result is: {add(num1, num2)}")
elif operation.lower() == "subtract":
    print(f"The result is: {subtract(num1, num2)}")
elif operation.lower() == "multiply":
    print(f"The result is: {multiply(num1, num2)}")
elif operation.lower() == "divide":
    if num2 == 0:
        print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")
    else:
        print(f"The result is: {divide(num1, num2)}")
else:
    print("Invalid operation.")

Exercise 20: Longest Word in a Sentence

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that takes a sentence as input and returns the longest word in the sentence.

Solution:

input_sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")
words = input_sentence.split()

longest_word = ""
max_length = 0

for word in words:
    if len(word) > max_length:
        max_length = len(word)
        longest_word = word

print(f"The longest word in the sentence is: {longest_word}")

Exercise 21: Calculate the Average of Numbers in a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • Arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the average of a list of numbers.

Solution:

numbers = [float(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]
average = sum(numbers) / len(numbers)

print(f"The average of the numbers is: {average:.2f}")

Exercise 22: Common Elements in Two Lists

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • Sets

Description: Write a Python program that takes two lists and returns a list of common elements.

Solution:

list1 = input("Enter the first list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()
list2 = input("Enter the second list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()

common_elements = list(set(list1) & set(list2))
print(f"The common elements in the two lists are: {common_elements}")

Exercise 23: Find the Smallest and Largest Numbers in a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • min() and max() functions

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list of numbers as input and returns the smallest and largest numbers in the list.

Solution:

numbers = [float(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]

smallest_number = min(numbers)
largest_number = max(numbers)

print(f"The smallest number is: {smallest_number}")
print(f"The largest number is: {largest_number}")

Exercise 24: Remove Duplicates from a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Sets
  • List comprehensions

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list and returns a new list without duplicates.

Solution:

input_list = input("Enter a list of elements separated by spaces: ").split()
unique_list = list(dict.fromkeys(input_list))

print(f"The list without duplicates is: {unique_list}")

Exercise 25: Sorting a List in Ascending and Descending Order

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Sorting

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list of numbers as input and returns the same list sorted in ascending and descending order.

Solution:

numbers = [float(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]

ascending_sorted_list = sorted(numbers)
descending_sorted_list = sorted(numbers, reverse=True)

print(f"The list sorted in ascending order is: {ascending_sorted_list}")
print(f"The list sorted in descending order is: {descending_sorted_list}")

Exercise 26: Square and Cube of Numbers in a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • List comprehensions

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list of numbers and returns a new list containing the square and cube of each number.

Solution:

numbers = [int(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]
squares_and_cubes = [(x**2, x**3) for x in numbers]

print(f"The squares and cubes of the numbers are: {squares_and_cubes}")

Exercise 27: Count the Number of Words in a Sentence

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that takes a sentence as input and counts the number of words in the sentence.

Solution:

input_sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")
words = input_sentence.split()
word_count = len(words)

print(f"The number of words in the sentence is: {word_count}")

Exercise 28: Swapping Two Variables

Concepts:

  • Variables
  • Tuples

Description: Write a Python program that takes two variables as input and swaps their values.

Solution:

x = input("Enter the value of x: ")
y = input("Enter the value of y: ")

print(f"Before swapping: x = {x}, y = {y}")

x, y = y, x

print(f"After swapping: x = {x}, y = {y}")

Exercise 29: Distance Between Two Points

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Input/output
  • Math module

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the distance between two points in a 2D space. The coordinates of the points should be provided by the user.

Solution:

import math

def distance(x1, y1, x2, y2):
    return math.sqrt((x2 - x1)**2 + (y2 - y1)**2)

x1, y1 = map(float, input("Enter the coordinates of the first point (x1, y1): ").split())
x2, y2 = map(float, input("Enter the coordinates of the second point (x2, y2): ").split())

result = distance(x1, y1, x2, y2)
print(f"The distance between the two points is: {result:.2f}")

Exercise 30: Convert Temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit and Vice Versa

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Input/output
  • Conditional statements

Description: Write a Python program that converts temperatures between Celsius and Fahrenheit. The user should provide the temperature value and the unit.

Solution:

def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius):
    return (celsius * 9/5) + 32

def fahrenheit_to_celsius(fahrenheit):
    return (fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9

temperature = float(input("Enter the temperature value: "))
unit = input("Enter the unit (C for Celsius, F for Fahrenheit): ")

if unit.upper() == "C":
    result = celsius_to_fahrenheit(temperature)
    print(f"{temperature} Celsius is equal to {result:.2f} Fahrenheit")
elif unit.upper() == "F":
    result = fahrenheit_to_celsius(temperature)
    print(f"{temperature} Fahrenheit is equal to {result:.2f} Celsius")
else:
    print("Invalid unit. Please enter 'C' for Celsius or 'F' for Fahrenheit.")

Beginner Level Exercises

Exercise 1: Calculate the Area of a Circle

Concepts:

  • Basic arithmetic
  • Input/output
  • Variables

Description: Write a Python program that takes the radius of a circle as input from the user and calculates its area.

Solution:

import math

radius = float(input("Enter the radius of the circle: "))
area = math.pi * (radius ** 2)

print(f"The area of the circle with radius {radius} is {area:.2f}")

Exercise 2: Word Frequency Counter

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Dictionaries
  • Loops

Description: Write a Python program that takes a string as input and counts the frequency of each word in the string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a sentence: ")
words = input_string.lower().split()
word_count = {}

for word in words:
    if word in word_count:
        word_count[word] += 1
    else:
        word_count[word] = 1

print("Word frequencies:", word_count)

Exercise 3: Simple Temperature Converter

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Conditional statements
  • User input

Description: Write a Python program that converts temperatures between Celsius and Fahrenheit. The program should ask the user for the temperature unit and the value to be converted.

Solution:

def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius):
    return (celsius * 9/5) + 32

def fahrenheit_to_celsius(fahrenheit):
    return (fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9

unit = input("Enter the temperature unit (C for Celsius, F for Fahrenheit): ")
value = float(input("Enter the temperature value to be converted: "))

if unit.upper() == "C":
    print(f"{value} Celsius is {celsius_to_fahrenheit(value):.2f} Fahrenheit.")
elif unit.upper() == "F":
    print(f"{value} Fahrenheit is {fahrenheit_to_celsius(value):.2f} Celsius.")
else:
    print("Invalid temperature unit.")

Exercise 4: Odd or Even Number Checker

Concepts:

  • Modular arithmetic
  • Conditional statements

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given number is odd or even.

Solution:

number = int(input("Enter an integer: "))

if number % 2 == 0:
    print(f"{number} is even.")
else:
    print(f"{number} is odd.")

Exercise 5: Simple File Operations

Concepts:

  • File I/O
  • Exception handling
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that reads a text file, converts its content to uppercase, and writes the result to a new file. If the input file does not exist, display an error message.

Solution:

input_file = input("Enter the name of the input file: ")
output_file = input("Enter the name of the output file: ")

try:
    with open(input_file, "r") as infile:
        content = infile.read()
    uppercase_content = content.upper()

    with open(output_file, "w") as outfile:
        outfile.write(uppercase_content)

    print("The content has been converted to uppercase and saved in the output file.")
except FileNotFoundError:
    print(f"The file '{input_file}' does not exist.")

Exercise 6: List of Multiples

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Lists
  • Arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that takes a number as input and returns a list of its first 10 multiples.

Solution:

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
multiples = [number * i for i in range(1, 11)]

print(f"The first 10 multiples of {number} are: {multiples}")

Exercise 7: Palindrome Checker

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Conditional statements
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given word or phrase is a palindrome. Ignore spaces, punctuation, and capitalization.

Solution:

import re

input_string = input("Enter a word or phrase: ")
processed_string = re.sub(r'\W+', '', input_string.lower())
reversed_string = processed_string[::-1]

if processed_string == reversed_string:
    print(f"'{input_string}' is a palindrome.")
else:
    print(f"'{input_string}' is not a palindrome.")

Exercise 8: Simple Interest Calculator

Concepts:

  • Arithmetic
  • Input/output
  • Variables

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the simple interest for a given principal amount, rate of interest, and number of years.

Solution:

principal = float(input("Enter the principal amount: "))
rate = float(input("Enter the rate of interest (percentage): "))
years = int(input("Enter the number of years: "))

interest = principal * rate * years / 100
total_amount = principal + interest

print(f"The simple interest is: {interest:.2f}")
print(f"The total amount after {years} years is: {total_amount:.2f}")

Exercise 9: Fibonacci Sequence Generator

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Lists
  • Functions

Description: Write a Python program that generates the first n numbers of the Fibonacci sequence, where n is provided by the user.

Solution:

def generate_fibonacci(n):
    sequence = [0, 1]

    for i in range(2, n):
        sequence.append(sequence[-1] + sequence[-2])

    return sequence[:n]

n = int(input("Enter the number of Fibonacci numbers to generate: "))
fibonacci_sequence = generate_fibonacci(n)

print(f"The first {n} Fibonacci numbers are: {fibonacci_sequence}")

Exercise 10: Leap Year Checker

Concepts:

  • Conditional statements
  • Modular arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given year is a leap year.

Solution:

year = int(input("Enter a year: "))

if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):
    print(f"{year} is a leap year.")
else:
    print(f"{year} is not a leap year.")

Exercise 11: Prime Number Checker

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Conditional statements
  • Functions

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given number is a prime number.

Solution:

def is_prime(number):
    if number <= 1:
        return False

    for i in range(2, number):
        if number % i == 0:
            return False
    return True

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if is_prime(number):
    print(f"{number} is a prime number.")
else:
    print(f"{number} is not a prime number.")

Exercise 12: Count Vowels in a String

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Dictionaries

Description: Write a Python program that counts the number of vowels in a given string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a string: ").lower()
vowels = "aeiou"
vowel_count = {}

for char in input_string:
    if char in vowels:
        if char in vowel_count:
            vowel_count[char] += 1
        else:
            vowel_count[char] = 1

print("Vowel count:", vowel_count)

Exercise 13: Calculate the Factorial of a Number

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Conditional statements
  • Functions

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the factorial of a given number using loops.

Solution:

def factorial(number):
    if number == 0 or number == 1:
        return 1

    result = 1
    for i in range(2, number + 1):
        result *= i

    return result

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print(f"The factorial of {number} is {factorial(number)}")

Exercise 14: Sum of Digits in a Number

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Arithmetic
  • Strings

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the sum of the digits of a given integer.

Solution:

number = int(input("Enter an integer: "))
sum_of_digits = sum(int(digit) for digit in str(number))

print(f"The sum of the digits of {number} is {sum_of_digits}")

Exercise 15: Caesar Cipher Encoder

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Modular arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that implements a simple Caesar cipher. The program should take a string and an integer shift value as input, and return the encoded string.

Solution:

def caesar_cipher(text, shift):
    encrypted = []

    for char in text:
        if char.isalpha():
            shift_amount = shift % 26
            new_ord = ord(char) + shift_amount

            if char.islower():
                if new_ord > ord("z"):
                    new_ord -= 26
            else:
                if new_ord > ord("Z"):
                    new_ord -= 26

            encrypted.append(chr(new_ord))
        else:
            encrypted.append(char)

    return "".join(encrypted)

text = input("Enter a string: ")
shift = int(input("Enter the shift value: "))

encoded_text = caesar_cipher(text, shift)
print(f"The encoded text is: {encoded_text}")

Exercise 16: Reverse a String

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Slicing

Description: Write a Python program that reverses a given string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a string: ")
reversed_string = input_string[::-1]

print(f"The reversed string is: {reversed_string}")

Exercise 17: Count Occurrences of a Character

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Dictionaries

Description: Write a Python program that counts the occurrences of a specific character in a given string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a string: ")
target_char = input("Enter a character to count: ")

count = input_string.lower().count(target_char.lower())
print(f"The character '{target_char}' occurs {count} times in the string.")

Exercise 18: Print the ASCII Value of a Character

Concepts:

  • Input/output
  • ord() function

Description: Write a Python program that takes a single character as input and prints its ASCII value.

Solution:

char = input("Enter a single character: ")

if len(char) == 1:
    print(f"The ASCII value of '{char}' is {ord(char)}")
else:
    print("Invalid input. Please enter a single character.")

Exercise 19: Simple Calculator

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Input/output
  • Conditional statements

Description: Write a Python program that creates a simple calculator that can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The program should ask the user for the operation, the two numbers, and then display the result.

Solution:

def add(x, y):
    return x + y

def subtract(x, y):
    return x - y

def multiply(x, y):
    return x * y

def divide(x, y):
    return x / y

operation = input("Enter the operation (add, subtract, multiply, divide): ")
num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))

if operation.lower() == "add":
    print(f"The result is: {add(num1, num2)}")
elif operation.lower() == "subtract":
    print(f"The result is: {subtract(num1, num2)}")
elif operation.lower() == "multiply":
    print(f"The result is: {multiply(num1, num2)}")
elif operation.lower() == "divide":
    if num2 == 0:
        print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")
    else:
        print(f"The result is: {divide(num1, num2)}")
else:
    print("Invalid operation.")

Exercise 20: Longest Word in a Sentence

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that takes a sentence as input and returns the longest word in the sentence.

Solution:

input_sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")
words = input_sentence.split()

longest_word = ""
max_length = 0

for word in words:
    if len(word) > max_length:
        max_length = len(word)
        longest_word = word

print(f"The longest word in the sentence is: {longest_word}")

Exercise 21: Calculate the Average of Numbers in a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • Arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the average of a list of numbers.

Solution:

numbers = [float(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]
average = sum(numbers) / len(numbers)

print(f"The average of the numbers is: {average:.2f}")

Exercise 22: Common Elements in Two Lists

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • Sets

Description: Write a Python program that takes two lists and returns a list of common elements.

Solution:

list1 = input("Enter the first list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()
list2 = input("Enter the second list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()

common_elements = list(set(list1) & set(list2))
print(f"The common elements in the two lists are: {common_elements}")

Exercise 23: Find the Smallest and Largest Numbers in a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • min() and max() functions

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list of numbers as input and returns the smallest and largest numbers in the list.

Solution:

numbers = [float(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]

smallest_number = min(numbers)
largest_number = max(numbers)

print(f"The smallest number is: {smallest_number}")
print(f"The largest number is: {largest_number}")

Exercise 24: Remove Duplicates from a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Sets
  • List comprehensions

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list and returns a new list without duplicates.

Solution:

input_list = input("Enter a list of elements separated by spaces: ").split()
unique_list = list(dict.fromkeys(input_list))

print(f"The list without duplicates is: {unique_list}")

Exercise 25: Sorting a List in Ascending and Descending Order

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Sorting

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list of numbers as input and returns the same list sorted in ascending and descending order.

Solution:

numbers = [float(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]

ascending_sorted_list = sorted(numbers)
descending_sorted_list = sorted(numbers, reverse=True)

print(f"The list sorted in ascending order is: {ascending_sorted_list}")
print(f"The list sorted in descending order is: {descending_sorted_list}")

Exercise 26: Square and Cube of Numbers in a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • List comprehensions

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list of numbers and returns a new list containing the square and cube of each number.

Solution:

numbers = [int(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]
squares_and_cubes = [(x**2, x**3) for x in numbers]

print(f"The squares and cubes of the numbers are: {squares_and_cubes}")

Exercise 27: Count the Number of Words in a Sentence

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that takes a sentence as input and counts the number of words in the sentence.

Solution:

input_sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")
words = input_sentence.split()
word_count = len(words)

print(f"The number of words in the sentence is: {word_count}")

Exercise 28: Swapping Two Variables

Concepts:

  • Variables
  • Tuples

Description: Write a Python program that takes two variables as input and swaps their values.

Solution:

x = input("Enter the value of x: ")
y = input("Enter the value of y: ")

print(f"Before swapping: x = {x}, y = {y}")

x, y = y, x

print(f"After swapping: x = {x}, y = {y}")

Exercise 29: Distance Between Two Points

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Input/output
  • Math module

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the distance between two points in a 2D space. The coordinates of the points should be provided by the user.

Solution:

import math

def distance(x1, y1, x2, y2):
    return math.sqrt((x2 - x1)**2 + (y2 - y1)**2)

x1, y1 = map(float, input("Enter the coordinates of the first point (x1, y1): ").split())
x2, y2 = map(float, input("Enter the coordinates of the second point (x2, y2): ").split())

result = distance(x1, y1, x2, y2)
print(f"The distance between the two points is: {result:.2f}")

Exercise 30: Convert Temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit and Vice Versa

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Input/output
  • Conditional statements

Description: Write a Python program that converts temperatures between Celsius and Fahrenheit. The user should provide the temperature value and the unit.

Solution:

def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius):
    return (celsius * 9/5) + 32

def fahrenheit_to_celsius(fahrenheit):
    return (fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9

temperature = float(input("Enter the temperature value: "))
unit = input("Enter the unit (C for Celsius, F for Fahrenheit): ")

if unit.upper() == "C":
    result = celsius_to_fahrenheit(temperature)
    print(f"{temperature} Celsius is equal to {result:.2f} Fahrenheit")
elif unit.upper() == "F":
    result = fahrenheit_to_celsius(temperature)
    print(f"{temperature} Fahrenheit is equal to {result:.2f} Celsius")
else:
    print("Invalid unit. Please enter 'C' for Celsius or 'F' for Fahrenheit.")

Beginner Level Exercises

Exercise 1: Calculate the Area of a Circle

Concepts:

  • Basic arithmetic
  • Input/output
  • Variables

Description: Write a Python program that takes the radius of a circle as input from the user and calculates its area.

Solution:

import math

radius = float(input("Enter the radius of the circle: "))
area = math.pi * (radius ** 2)

print(f"The area of the circle with radius {radius} is {area:.2f}")

Exercise 2: Word Frequency Counter

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Dictionaries
  • Loops

Description: Write a Python program that takes a string as input and counts the frequency of each word in the string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a sentence: ")
words = input_string.lower().split()
word_count = {}

for word in words:
    if word in word_count:
        word_count[word] += 1
    else:
        word_count[word] = 1

print("Word frequencies:", word_count)

Exercise 3: Simple Temperature Converter

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Conditional statements
  • User input

Description: Write a Python program that converts temperatures between Celsius and Fahrenheit. The program should ask the user for the temperature unit and the value to be converted.

Solution:

def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius):
    return (celsius * 9/5) + 32

def fahrenheit_to_celsius(fahrenheit):
    return (fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9

unit = input("Enter the temperature unit (C for Celsius, F for Fahrenheit): ")
value = float(input("Enter the temperature value to be converted: "))

if unit.upper() == "C":
    print(f"{value} Celsius is {celsius_to_fahrenheit(value):.2f} Fahrenheit.")
elif unit.upper() == "F":
    print(f"{value} Fahrenheit is {fahrenheit_to_celsius(value):.2f} Celsius.")
else:
    print("Invalid temperature unit.")

Exercise 4: Odd or Even Number Checker

Concepts:

  • Modular arithmetic
  • Conditional statements

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given number is odd or even.

Solution:

number = int(input("Enter an integer: "))

if number % 2 == 0:
    print(f"{number} is even.")
else:
    print(f"{number} is odd.")

Exercise 5: Simple File Operations

Concepts:

  • File I/O
  • Exception handling
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that reads a text file, converts its content to uppercase, and writes the result to a new file. If the input file does not exist, display an error message.

Solution:

input_file = input("Enter the name of the input file: ")
output_file = input("Enter the name of the output file: ")

try:
    with open(input_file, "r") as infile:
        content = infile.read()
    uppercase_content = content.upper()

    with open(output_file, "w") as outfile:
        outfile.write(uppercase_content)

    print("The content has been converted to uppercase and saved in the output file.")
except FileNotFoundError:
    print(f"The file '{input_file}' does not exist.")

Exercise 6: List of Multiples

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Lists
  • Arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that takes a number as input and returns a list of its first 10 multiples.

Solution:

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
multiples = [number * i for i in range(1, 11)]

print(f"The first 10 multiples of {number} are: {multiples}")

Exercise 7: Palindrome Checker

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Conditional statements
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given word or phrase is a palindrome. Ignore spaces, punctuation, and capitalization.

Solution:

import re

input_string = input("Enter a word or phrase: ")
processed_string = re.sub(r'\W+', '', input_string.lower())
reversed_string = processed_string[::-1]

if processed_string == reversed_string:
    print(f"'{input_string}' is a palindrome.")
else:
    print(f"'{input_string}' is not a palindrome.")

Exercise 8: Simple Interest Calculator

Concepts:

  • Arithmetic
  • Input/output
  • Variables

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the simple interest for a given principal amount, rate of interest, and number of years.

Solution:

principal = float(input("Enter the principal amount: "))
rate = float(input("Enter the rate of interest (percentage): "))
years = int(input("Enter the number of years: "))

interest = principal * rate * years / 100
total_amount = principal + interest

print(f"The simple interest is: {interest:.2f}")
print(f"The total amount after {years} years is: {total_amount:.2f}")

Exercise 9: Fibonacci Sequence Generator

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Lists
  • Functions

Description: Write a Python program that generates the first n numbers of the Fibonacci sequence, where n is provided by the user.

Solution:

def generate_fibonacci(n):
    sequence = [0, 1]

    for i in range(2, n):
        sequence.append(sequence[-1] + sequence[-2])

    return sequence[:n]

n = int(input("Enter the number of Fibonacci numbers to generate: "))
fibonacci_sequence = generate_fibonacci(n)

print(f"The first {n} Fibonacci numbers are: {fibonacci_sequence}")

Exercise 10: Leap Year Checker

Concepts:

  • Conditional statements
  • Modular arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given year is a leap year.

Solution:

year = int(input("Enter a year: "))

if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):
    print(f"{year} is a leap year.")
else:
    print(f"{year} is not a leap year.")

Exercise 11: Prime Number Checker

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Conditional statements
  • Functions

Description: Write a Python program that checks whether a given number is a prime number.

Solution:

def is_prime(number):
    if number <= 1:
        return False

    for i in range(2, number):
        if number % i == 0:
            return False
    return True

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if is_prime(number):
    print(f"{number} is a prime number.")
else:
    print(f"{number} is not a prime number.")

Exercise 12: Count Vowels in a String

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Dictionaries

Description: Write a Python program that counts the number of vowels in a given string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a string: ").lower()
vowels = "aeiou"
vowel_count = {}

for char in input_string:
    if char in vowels:
        if char in vowel_count:
            vowel_count[char] += 1
        else:
            vowel_count[char] = 1

print("Vowel count:", vowel_count)

Exercise 13: Calculate the Factorial of a Number

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Conditional statements
  • Functions

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the factorial of a given number using loops.

Solution:

def factorial(number):
    if number == 0 or number == 1:
        return 1

    result = 1
    for i in range(2, number + 1):
        result *= i

    return result

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print(f"The factorial of {number} is {factorial(number)}")

Exercise 14: Sum of Digits in a Number

Concepts:

  • Loops
  • Arithmetic
  • Strings

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the sum of the digits of a given integer.

Solution:

number = int(input("Enter an integer: "))
sum_of_digits = sum(int(digit) for digit in str(number))

print(f"The sum of the digits of {number} is {sum_of_digits}")

Exercise 15: Caesar Cipher Encoder

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Modular arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that implements a simple Caesar cipher. The program should take a string and an integer shift value as input, and return the encoded string.

Solution:

def caesar_cipher(text, shift):
    encrypted = []

    for char in text:
        if char.isalpha():
            shift_amount = shift % 26
            new_ord = ord(char) + shift_amount

            if char.islower():
                if new_ord > ord("z"):
                    new_ord -= 26
            else:
                if new_ord > ord("Z"):
                    new_ord -= 26

            encrypted.append(chr(new_ord))
        else:
            encrypted.append(char)

    return "".join(encrypted)

text = input("Enter a string: ")
shift = int(input("Enter the shift value: "))

encoded_text = caesar_cipher(text, shift)
print(f"The encoded text is: {encoded_text}")

Exercise 16: Reverse a String

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Slicing

Description: Write a Python program that reverses a given string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a string: ")
reversed_string = input_string[::-1]

print(f"The reversed string is: {reversed_string}")

Exercise 17: Count Occurrences of a Character

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • Dictionaries

Description: Write a Python program that counts the occurrences of a specific character in a given string.

Solution:

input_string = input("Enter a string: ")
target_char = input("Enter a character to count: ")

count = input_string.lower().count(target_char.lower())
print(f"The character '{target_char}' occurs {count} times in the string.")

Exercise 18: Print the ASCII Value of a Character

Concepts:

  • Input/output
  • ord() function

Description: Write a Python program that takes a single character as input and prints its ASCII value.

Solution:

char = input("Enter a single character: ")

if len(char) == 1:
    print(f"The ASCII value of '{char}' is {ord(char)}")
else:
    print("Invalid input. Please enter a single character.")

Exercise 19: Simple Calculator

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Input/output
  • Conditional statements

Description: Write a Python program that creates a simple calculator that can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The program should ask the user for the operation, the two numbers, and then display the result.

Solution:

def add(x, y):
    return x + y

def subtract(x, y):
    return x - y

def multiply(x, y):
    return x * y

def divide(x, y):
    return x / y

operation = input("Enter the operation (add, subtract, multiply, divide): ")
num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))

if operation.lower() == "add":
    print(f"The result is: {add(num1, num2)}")
elif operation.lower() == "subtract":
    print(f"The result is: {subtract(num1, num2)}")
elif operation.lower() == "multiply":
    print(f"The result is: {multiply(num1, num2)}")
elif operation.lower() == "divide":
    if num2 == 0:
        print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")
    else:
        print(f"The result is: {divide(num1, num2)}")
else:
    print("Invalid operation.")

Exercise 20: Longest Word in a Sentence

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • Loops
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that takes a sentence as input and returns the longest word in the sentence.

Solution:

input_sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")
words = input_sentence.split()

longest_word = ""
max_length = 0

for word in words:
    if len(word) > max_length:
        max_length = len(word)
        longest_word = word

print(f"The longest word in the sentence is: {longest_word}")

Exercise 21: Calculate the Average of Numbers in a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • Arithmetic

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the average of a list of numbers.

Solution:

numbers = [float(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]
average = sum(numbers) / len(numbers)

print(f"The average of the numbers is: {average:.2f}")

Exercise 22: Common Elements in Two Lists

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • Sets

Description: Write a Python program that takes two lists and returns a list of common elements.

Solution:

list1 = input("Enter the first list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()
list2 = input("Enter the second list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()

common_elements = list(set(list1) & set(list2))
print(f"The common elements in the two lists are: {common_elements}")

Exercise 23: Find the Smallest and Largest Numbers in a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • min() and max() functions

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list of numbers as input and returns the smallest and largest numbers in the list.

Solution:

numbers = [float(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]

smallest_number = min(numbers)
largest_number = max(numbers)

print(f"The smallest number is: {smallest_number}")
print(f"The largest number is: {largest_number}")

Exercise 24: Remove Duplicates from a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Sets
  • List comprehensions

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list and returns a new list without duplicates.

Solution:

input_list = input("Enter a list of elements separated by spaces: ").split()
unique_list = list(dict.fromkeys(input_list))

print(f"The list without duplicates is: {unique_list}")

Exercise 25: Sorting a List in Ascending and Descending Order

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Sorting

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list of numbers as input and returns the same list sorted in ascending and descending order.

Solution:

numbers = [float(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]

ascending_sorted_list = sorted(numbers)
descending_sorted_list = sorted(numbers, reverse=True)

print(f"The list sorted in ascending order is: {ascending_sorted_list}")
print(f"The list sorted in descending order is: {descending_sorted_list}")

Exercise 26: Square and Cube of Numbers in a List

Concepts:

  • Lists
  • Loops
  • List comprehensions

Description: Write a Python program that takes a list of numbers and returns a new list containing the square and cube of each number.

Solution:

numbers = [int(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]
squares_and_cubes = [(x**2, x**3) for x in numbers]

print(f"The squares and cubes of the numbers are: {squares_and_cubes}")

Exercise 27: Count the Number of Words in a Sentence

Concepts:

  • Strings
  • String manipulation

Description: Write a Python program that takes a sentence as input and counts the number of words in the sentence.

Solution:

input_sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")
words = input_sentence.split()
word_count = len(words)

print(f"The number of words in the sentence is: {word_count}")

Exercise 28: Swapping Two Variables

Concepts:

  • Variables
  • Tuples

Description: Write a Python program that takes two variables as input and swaps their values.

Solution:

x = input("Enter the value of x: ")
y = input("Enter the value of y: ")

print(f"Before swapping: x = {x}, y = {y}")

x, y = y, x

print(f"After swapping: x = {x}, y = {y}")

Exercise 29: Distance Between Two Points

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Input/output
  • Math module

Description: Write a Python program that calculates the distance between two points in a 2D space. The coordinates of the points should be provided by the user.

Solution:

import math

def distance(x1, y1, x2, y2):
    return math.sqrt((x2 - x1)**2 + (y2 - y1)**2)

x1, y1 = map(float, input("Enter the coordinates of the first point (x1, y1): ").split())
x2, y2 = map(float, input("Enter the coordinates of the second point (x2, y2): ").split())

result = distance(x1, y1, x2, y2)
print(f"The distance between the two points is: {result:.2f}")

Exercise 30: Convert Temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit and Vice Versa

Concepts:

  • Functions
  • Input/output
  • Conditional statements

Description: Write a Python program that converts temperatures between Celsius and Fahrenheit. The user should provide the temperature value and the unit.

Solution:

def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius):
    return (celsius * 9/5) + 32

def fahrenheit_to_celsius(fahrenheit):
    return (fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9

temperature = float(input("Enter the temperature value: "))
unit = input("Enter the unit (C for Celsius, F for Fahrenheit): ")

if unit.upper() == "C":
    result = celsius_to_fahrenheit(temperature)
    print(f"{temperature} Celsius is equal to {result:.2f} Fahrenheit")
elif unit.upper() == "F":
    result = fahrenheit_to_celsius(temperature)
    print(f"{temperature} Fahrenheit is equal to {result:.2f} Celsius")
else:
    print("Invalid unit. Please enter 'C' for Celsius or 'F' for Fahrenheit.")